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Commentary & analysis with a focus on European economic policy

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Significance of the Treaty of Rome after 60 years

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This is the slightly revised translation of a speech given in German at Pulse of Europe Düsseldorf 26. März 2017

Der deutsche Text folgt weiter unten.

 

Sixty years ago yesterday the Treaty of Rome was signed. We celebrated this event at the march for Europe yesterday and we want to celebrate it again today at this Pulse of Europe event. I would like, by way of a short historical overview, to say something about the significance of this day.

The Treaty of Rome is in fact three separate treaties, and the always-accurate Germans indeed speak of die römischen Vertäge. In English, French and other languages the singular is used, as one treaty, that creating the European Economic Community very much dominates the other two. This treaty is of world-historical importance, on a level with the US Declaration of Independence.

Let us cast our eyes back to 1957. [Read more…]

The strange non-death of public spending

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In 2011 (2013 update 7/3/17) Colin Crouch wrote a noted book entitled The strange non-death of neoliberalism. In it he discussed why neoliberalism had managed to avoid being killed by what had appeared to be its nemesis: the global financial and economic crisis. The title came to mind on reading  some recent work on the political economy of modern capitalism in general, and the European Union in particular, by some other well-known commentators. It seems that, actually, we are witness to the strange non-death of public spending, at least in the EU.

Let me first give two examples of a view that many readers will likely believe to be self-evident.

In Le Monde Diplomatique the reknowned historian and political economist Perry Anderson has just published an analysis of the driving forces behind populism and protest. Under the sub-heading “Draconian austerity” he writes:

From monetary union (1990) to the Stability Pact (1997), then the Single Market Act (2011), the powers of national parliaments were voided in a supranational structure of bureaucratic authority shielded from popular will, just as the ultraliberal economist Friedrich Hayek had prophesied. With this machinery in place, draconian austerity could be imposed on helpless electorates, under the joint direction of the Commission and a reunified Germany…

The economic sociologist Wolfgang Streeck has also been much in the news with a series of pessimistic books and shorter publications on a similar theme. Democracy is being weakened and, [Read more…]

EU making solid labour market progress – the starting point is the problem

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There is an old Irish joke about a man who is lost and asks a local the way to a small village. The local pauses and answers: if I wanted to go there I surely wouldn’t start from here. Something similar applies to the European labour market. The news on joblessness in Europe has seemed so bleak for so long that it might seem hard to find a good word to say about it. But consider the following.

The EU labour market turned in May of 2013. Since then unemployment, seasonally adjusted, has fallen month for month, continuously in the EU28 and with a few brief intermittent spikes in the Euro Area, too. Over the more than three and a half years of expansion unemployment has fallen by 5¾ million of which just under 3 ¼ million in the Euro Area. On average, each month unemployment came down by 140 thousand and 78 thousand persons respectively.

The figure, which shows the month-on-month changes in unemployment (in thousands, slightly smoothed to reduce noise) puts this recent performance into perspective.

Month-on-month change in unemployment
Note: own calculations on Eurostat data, 3-month moving average; data available from 01/1998; €A changing composition

In terms of reducing unemployment the recent labour market expansion has been substantially stronger than that following the severe post-German-unification recession of the early 1990s. The monthly cuts in joblessness have been of a similar order of magnitude to those between the downturn/stagnation of the early 2000s and the subsequent Great Recession: the monthly averages between May 2005 and March 2008 are very similar (a touch lower in the EU28, a bit faster in the Euro Area). But the recent expansion has already lasted longer. As a a consequence, the overall improvement is great by around 750 thousand in the EU and more than half a million in the Euro Area. Moreover, it is not yet over, although, worryingly, the decline in unemployment seems recently to have decelerated.

The problem, in short, is the starting point. In particular the catastrophic mismanagement of the euro area crisis that came on the heels of the initial financial/trade crisis, and from which the European labour market had begun to heal (see here and the links therein). So the jobs recovery has been solid and extended but it has only been enough, in the Euro Area, to get us back to where we already were at the start of 2011, as you can see in today’s graph of unemployment rates from Eurostat:

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Given the amount of labour market slack that had been created, a much faster pace of reduction in unemployment would have been needed to mitigate social hardship and avoid longer-term damage to employment prospects and economic growth potential. Progress has been steady, that’s the good news. But we should never have started from here. Alternatively – for there is no use crying over split milk – given the starting point in 2013 we should not have walked to the village but taken a car, which would have meant finding a way to permit expansionary fiscal policy.